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Beckett and Cioran
This Element discusses the association between Samuel Beckett, and the Romanian-born philosopher, E.M. Cioran. It draws upon the known biographical detail, but, more substantially, upon the terms of Beckett's engagement with Cioran's writings, from the 1950s to the 1970s.Certain of Cioran's key conceptualisations, such as that of the 'meteque', and his version of philosophical scepticism, resonate with aspects of Beckett's writing as it evolved beyond the 'siege in the room'.More particularly, aspects of Cioran's conclusion about the formal nature that philosophy must assume chime with some of the formal decisions taken by Beckett in the mid-late prose.Through close reading of some of Beckett's key works such as Texts for Nothing and How It Is, and through consideration of Beckett's choices when translating between English and French, the issues of identity and understanding shared by these two settlers in Paris are mutually illuminated.
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Weltschmerz : Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860-1900
Weltschmerz is a study of the pessimism that dominated German philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century.Pessimism was essentially the theory that life is not worth living.This theory was introduced into German philosophy by Schopenhauer, whose philosophy became very fashionable in the 1860s.Frederick C. Beiser examines the intense and long controversy that arose from Schopenhauer's pessimism, which changed the agenda of philosophy in Germany away from the logic of the sciences and toward an examination of the value of life.He examines the major defenders of pessimism (Philipp Mainländer, Eduard von Hartmann and Julius Bahnsen) and its chief critics, especially Eugen Dühring and the neo-Kantians.The pessimism dispute of the second half of the century has been largely ignored in secondary literature and this book is a first attempt since the 1880s to re-examine it and to analyze the important philosophical issues raised by it.The dispute concerned the most fundamental philosophical issue of them all: whether life is worth living.
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Theology and Philosophy in Eastern Orthodoxy : Essays on Orthodox Christianity and Contemporary Thought
Even in the twenty-first century, critical and creative engagement with modern and postmodern philosophy is a rarity in Orthodox circles.The collection of essays presented here by Christoph Schneider makes a significant contribution to overcoming this deficit.Eight scholars from six different countries, working on the intersection between Orthodox thought and philosophy, present their research in short and accessible form.The topics covered range from political philosophy to phenomenology, metaphysics, philosophy of self, logic, ethics, and philosophy of language. The authors do not all promote one particular approach to the relationship between Orthodox theology and philosophy.Nevertheless, taken together, their work demonstrates that Orthodox scholarship is not confined to historical research about the Byzantine era, but can contribute to, and enrich, contemporary intellectual debates.
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Idealism after Existentialism : Encounters in Philosophy of Religion
A century ago the dominant philosophical outlook was not some form of materialism or naturalism, but idealism.However, this way of thinking about reality fell out of favour in the Anglo-American analytic tradition as well as the Continental schools of the twentieth century. The aim of this book is to restage and reassess the encounter between idealism and contemporary philosophy.The idealist side will be represented by the great figures of the 19th-century post-Kantian tradition in Germany, from Fichte and Schelling to Hegel, followed by the towering Hegelians in Britain led by T.H. Green, F. H. Bradley and Bernard Bosanquet. Their twentieth-century adversaries will be represented by the secular existentialists, especially the famous French trio of Sartre, Beauvoir and Camus, who sought to follow Nietzsche in philosophizing in light of the death of God. And the arena of encounter will be the philosophy of religion—more specifically, questions relating to the nature and existence of God, death and the meaning of life, and the problem of evil.The book argues that the existentialist critique of idealism enables an innovative as well as a more critical and adventurous approach that is sorely needed in philosophy of religion today. Idealism after Existentialism will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in the history of ninteenth- and twentieth-century philosophy and philosophy of religion.
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What is thought-stopping meditation?
Thought-stopping meditation is a mindfulness technique that involves intentionally interrupting and redirecting repetitive or negative thoughts. It is a practice of becoming aware of intrusive thoughts and then using a specific cue or phrase to stop the thought in its tracks and shift focus to something more positive or calming. This technique can help individuals break the cycle of rumination and reduce anxiety or stress. Thought-stopping meditation can be a helpful tool for cultivating a more peaceful and focused state of mind.
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What are the differences between existential philosophy and existentialism?
Existential philosophy is a broader term that encompasses the study of existence, human freedom, and the search for meaning in life. It includes various philosophical approaches, such as phenomenology and ontology, that explore these themes. On the other hand, existentialism is a specific philosophical movement that emerged in the 20th century, primarily in Europe, and is associated with thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Existentialism focuses on the individual's experience of existence, the absurdity of life, and the responsibility to create meaning in a seemingly meaningless world. While existential philosophy provides a framework for examining existence and meaning, existentialism is a specific school of thought within this broader philosophical tradition.
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What is a thought experiment in philosophy?
A thought experiment in philosophy is a hypothetical scenario or situation that is used to explore and understand complex philosophical concepts or theories. It involves imagining a scenario and considering the implications of various outcomes, without the need for physical experimentation. Thought experiments are commonly used to challenge assumptions, clarify ideas, and stimulate critical thinking in philosophical discussions. They help philosophers to explore abstract concepts and theories in a more concrete and relatable way.
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What is pessimism?
Pessimism is a state of mind where one tends to focus on the negative aspects of situations, expecting the worst possible outcome. It involves a general feeling of hopelessness, cynicism, and a belief that things will not turn out well. Pessimism can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and a lack of motivation to take action or make positive changes. It is important to balance a realistic outlook with optimism to maintain a healthy mindset.
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Essays in Political Philosophy
This book brings together for the first time R. G. Collingwood's political and related writings, in which he places political action in the context of action as a whole and addresses the substantive social and political issues - in particular Nazism and Fascism - which he perceived as a threat to European civilization.This is the first time that substantial philosophical arguments from the unpublished manuscripts have been reproduced since Malcolm Knox edited the posthumously published Idea of History.
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History of Philosophy Volume 11 : Logical Postivism and Existentialism
In this additional volume of A History of Philosophy Copleston provides a detailed and objective introduction to Logical Positivism and Existentialism - two highly controversial areas of recent thought. Frederick Copleston was Professor of the History of Philosophy and Dean of the Faculty of Theology at London University.This eleven-volume work is one of the most remarkable single-handed scholarly enterprises of modern times.Volume 11 covers A.J. Ayer, Albert Camus, Martin Heidegger, Karl Jasper, Søren Kierkegaard, Gabriel Marcel, Jean-Paul Sartre and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Between them, the movements of Logical Positivism and Existentialism dominated philosophy in Europe for much of the last century, and the influence they exerted can still be felt today.This book explores the work of many of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. Brimming with detail and enthusiasm, A History of Philosophy gives an accessible account of philosophers from all eras and explains their works in relation to other philosophers.Each volume is an ideal guide for students studying specific eras and as a set offers a complete and unrivalled overview of the entire western philosophical tradition.
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Psyche, Culture, World : Excursions in Existentialism and Psychoanalytic Philosophy
Across the array of topics explored in this comprehensive volume, philosopher and psychoanalyst Jon Mills argues for a fundamental return to the question and meaning of existence.Drawing on the traditions of German Idealism, existentialism, and onto-phenomenology, he offers a rich tapestry of insight and critique into the foundations of psyche, human nature, and society.As a philosophy of mind and culture, psychoanalysis offers us a promising perspective to reengage our being in the world in meaningful ways that illuminate human existence, the mysteriousness of unconscious processes, our relation to transcendence, ethical obligations towards social collectives, and the wonder of logos for our present-day consciousness.After examining the unconscious origins of psychic reality and the contradictory nature of our internal lives, Mills examines the scope of existentialism from antiquity to postmodernism, the question of authenticity, paranoiac epistemology, the essence of evil, dysrecognition and social pathology, belief in God, myth, the ideologies of science, hermeneutics, truth, freedom and determinism, and the fate of civilization in relation to the pervasive forces that threaten our existence.Psyche, Culture, World will be of interest to philosophers, psychoanalysts, psychologists, academics, and students in the arts and humanities, cultural studies, anthropology, myth, psychology of religion, and psychotherapy.
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Potentialities : Collected Essays in Philosophy
This book collects fifteen major philosophical essays written over a period of more than twenty years by acclaimed Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben.The volume opens with an introduction in which the editor situates Agamben's work with respect to both the history of philosophy and contemporary European thought.The essays that follow articulate a series of theoretical confrontations with privileged figures in the history of philosophy, politics, and criticism, from Plato to Spinoza, Aristotle to Deleuze, Carl Schmitt to Benjamin, Hegel to Aby Warburg, and Heidegger to Derrida.Three fundamental concepts organize the collection as a whole: language, in the sense not of particular statements but rather the very taking place of speech, the pure fact of language's existence; history, as it appears from a perspective in which tradition, transmission, and memory reach their messianic fulfillment; and potentiality, understood as a fundamental problem of metaphysics, ethics, and the philosophy of language.All these topics converge in the final part of the book, in which Agamben offers an extensive reading of Melville's short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" as a work that puts potentiality and actuality, possibility and reality, in an altogether new light.
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What is the question about the thought experiment in philosophy?
The question about the thought experiment in philosophy typically revolves around exploring hypothetical scenarios to gain a deeper understanding of ethical, metaphysical, or epistemological concepts. These experiments often involve posing "what if" scenarios to challenge our intuitions and reasoning about various philosophical issues. The goal is to provoke critical thinking and reflection on fundamental questions about the nature of reality, knowledge, and morality. Ultimately, the question about the thought experiment in philosophy seeks to uncover insights and provoke discussion about the nature of existence and human experience.
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Is pessimism a weakness?
Pessimism can be seen as a weakness when it leads to a lack of motivation, a negative outlook on life, and a reluctance to take risks or pursue opportunities. However, it can also be a strength when it leads to cautious decision-making, realistic expectations, and a preparedness for potential challenges. It's important to strike a balance between optimism and pessimism, using the strengths of both to navigate life's ups and downs. Ultimately, whether pessimism is a weakness or a strength depends on how it is managed and utilized in different situations.
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Is pessimism something bad?
Pessimism can be seen as a negative trait because it often involves a focus on the negative aspects of a situation and a lack of hope for the future. However, it can also be a realistic and pragmatic approach to life, as it involves being prepared for potential challenges and setbacks. It becomes problematic when it leads to a lack of motivation, a defeatist attitude, and an inability to see potential opportunities. Ultimately, it's important to strike a balance between being realistic about potential obstacles and maintaining a positive outlook on life.
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What does existentialism say?
Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. It argues that individuals have the freedom to make choices and create their own meaning in life, rather than being defined by external forces such as society, religion, or tradition. Existentialism also emphasizes the idea of personal responsibility and the importance of living authentically, in accordance with one's own values and beliefs. Overall, existentialism encourages individuals to confront the inherent uncertainty and absurdity of existence, and to embrace the freedom and responsibility that comes with it.
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